feat: add Task methods to make _asyncio more similar to cpython

[imnotjames]

This updates the way that Task is handled in the C module for asyncio which implements tasks & task queues. The goal is to bring asyncio in CircuitPython slightly closer to CPython.

This adds the following methods to Task:

• get_coro() - how CPython exposes the coroutine backing the task (CPython Docs)
• result() - a helper method from CPython for returning the successful response (CPython Docs)
• exception() - a helper method from CPython for returning the raised values (CPython Docs)
• cancelled() - helper for true / false if the task has been cancelled (CPython Docs)
• add_done_callback() - adds a callback to the task for completion or if already complete executes it (CPython docs)
• remove_done_callback() - removes a specific "done" callback from the task (CPython docs)

Moves CancelledError & creates InvalidStateError in the extmod

Adds a hash unary operation so Tasks can be added to sets.

[imnotjames]

This is a follow up from #8576 & is the same code as in micropython#13000

This is different from #8576 in that it doesn't define the exceptions as part of the C code and instead pulls them in from the asyncio context that's passed to the Task. While I personally think that approach is an anti-pattern (I think most of that could be avoided by defining the exceptions in C & fixing how the loop is defined) it does match up more uniformly with the current approach.

[imnotjames]

Ouch. Build failed for one of the smallest devices that there's not enough flash. This increases things by a few hundred bytes so that might indeed be the case?

If that's the only failure I'll be opening this PR

[dhalbert]

This board should have CIRCUITPY_ULAB turned off. That will make plenty of room. Not sure why longints are turned off on both these boards. The maker chose the original settings. Given what it's for, I think ulab off is fine.

[imnotjames]

Added the commit from #8650 to this PR instead per request - to reduce the number of full builds required.

[dhalbert]

I"m going to make this a draft while micropython#13000 is in process.